Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern

There are numerous thoughts and ideas that encouraged the progress from the Medieval Era to an increasingly current, Renaissance society, yet it very well may be contended that Johann Gutenberg's creation of the print machine was the most significant factor to this adjustment in Europe. The production of the press was no simple errand for Gutenberg; he was confronted with numerous deterrents. Be that as it may, once made, the press profited individuals around the globe for quite a long time and keeps on being a central piece of our general public today. Before the creation of the print machine, books were incredibly costly, constraining training to the exceptionally rich. Since just the high society could stand to buy books, instruction was a methods for isolating the nobility from the lower classes. It was almost unthinkable for the less lucky to climb in the public eye since they couldn't instruct themselves. Books were so expensive because of the techniques utilized to make each page independently. For a recorder to duplicate a whole novel by hand would take a lot of tolerance and numerous hours. A typical strategy for delivering duplicates was for one man to peruse the first word by word, and a gathering of copyists would compose each word as the peruser said them. â€Å"By this method,† portrays John Fontana in his work Mankind's Greatest Invention, â€Å"one original copy filled in as the wellspring of proliferation for some duplicates when the recorders wrapped up the remainder of the peruser's orally introduced words† (13). Not exclusively was this tedious, however the more duplicates that were made, the more mistakes were made. In the end, a strategy for making duplicates without such a high wiggle room occurred. Individuals would hand cut squares of wood with raised letters and spread the squares with ink. At that point they would put a piece of paper on the square to make a duplicate. To make the procedure significantly progressively troublesome, they needed to cut the letters and words in reverse so they would print accurately, and they needed to make these letters look typical when turned around. Albert Kapr, in his book Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention, portrays how â€Å"a calligrapher had first to work out this content, which was followed as an identical representation inversion on to a planed limewood board and afterward cut out with a blade so that the lettering was left as a raised surface† (21). This technique is called xylography, and keeping in mind that it was an improvement in that it diminished slip-ups, cutting a square of wood for each page to be printed was significantly additional tedious than composing the words by hand, and books stayed as costly as could be. Johann Gensfleisch Gutenberg, a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, needed to change this. His thought was to supplant the wood hinders with isolated letters made of metal. One would have the option to move the letters around to make words and sentences, and afterward reuse them. â€Å"The key to this new technique was not as is by and large accepted, the revelation of the estimation of versatile sort, for mobile letters had been known and utilized for centuries,† clarifies Fontana. â€Å"It was the system for making the types† (28). This sort of print machine was, truth be told, previously being utilized in China, yet the innovation to make such a machine was at this point to be found in Europe. In attempting to manufacture this machine, Gutenberg was confronted with a great many deterrents. Exactly when he would figure he may have aced it, he would experience another issue to tackle. â€Å"The creation of typography was not,† noted Theo DeVinne in his work The Invention of Printing, â€Å"the consequence of a cheerful idea or of a blaze of motivation. It was not conceived in a day . . . it was thoroughly considered and created out† (376). In the first place, he had two primary concerns: finding a gadget that would keep the letters set up, and making a press that would print plainly. Gutenberg before long concocted an answer for the first of the two issues. He paid a woodworker for the utilization of his winepress, in order to have â€Å"a reasonable bed for a page of metal letters to rest on,† and organized the letters on one side of it (Fontana 22). He needed to think of a casing to hold the paper; at that point when one was prepared to print, they could wind a screw to press the paper facing the letters. The letters were to be made by emptying liquefied metal into a form. At that point Gutenberg went over a few additional issues. The first was the topic of how to make the entirety of the letters the very same thickness with the goal that when they were squeezed against the paper, they would print equitably. Likewise, he required an answer for putting tight letters on thin metal bases and wide letters on wide bases. Utilizing a similar base for all letters would not exclusively be unreasonable in that it would squander space, it would likewise make the words look lopsided, with changed estimated spaces between letters. Despite the width of the character, each metal piece must be a similar stature so the lines would not be screwy. DeVinne mentioned that â€Å"if the sorts of one character, as of the letter an, ought to be made the merest play bigger or littler than its colleagues of a similar text style, all the sorts, when created, will show the outcomes of the defect† (52). Gutenberg concocted two splendid plans to take care of the issues. So as to make the entirety of the letters a similar thickness, he made the shape the ideal stature and included expansions the sides to get any flooding metal. That way he could ensure that they would not be excessively thick, and as long as he poured metal to the top, they would not be excessively meager. When dried, â€Å"this additional piece at the base of the metal letters inverse to the part the prints called the face, was effectively severed and smoothed before it was utilized for the printed page† (Fontana 30). With respect to making the letters various widths, he needed to make a customizable form. He previously tested utilizing wood, and once consummated, he made one out of metal. He thought of a form that comprised of two L-molded pieces that could fit together, and slide to and fro to make the encased territory bigger or littler. Here Gutenberg experienced further difficulties. The lead he had been utilizing to make the letters was too delicate it was printing unevenly after only a couple of pages had been printed. Gutenberg tackled the issue of making the typeface sufficiently hard to oppose pressure by blending the lead in with parts of tin and a substance that acted like antimony,† solidifying the metal and forestalling development or shrinkage while the metal dried (Fontana 30). It likewise took a great deal of looking to discover ink that was the correct consistency to leave a slender layer on paper. Should it be excessively flimsy, it would spread through the paper, and should it be excessively thick, it would bunch and seem lopsided. After fixing these issues, Gutenberg had thought of his first working print machine. With it, he printed duplicates of the primary, second, and third releases of the Donatus. In any case, scarcely any individuals would buy the pages in light of the fact that many considered his development indecent, as they accepted written by hand content to be a sacrosanct workmanship. Likewise, there were still issues with the press. The sort face shifted an excessive amount of the lines would go from flimsy to thick and back to thin once more, and the ink didn't adhere to paper well. DeVinne discloses to us that â€Å"judged by present day guidelines, the sorts are uncoordinated; the content letters are excessively thick and dark, and the capitals are of inconsiderate structure, dark, and unreasonably little for the text† (421). The press itself took a great deal of solidarity, particularly when making different duplicates. These parts required improvement, so Gutenberg got the opportunity to work. He made progressively characterized molds and more grounded metal letters, which took into account more slender printed lines. With expectations of inevitably printing the Bible, Gutenberg attempted to make letters that would, when set together, take after the penmanship of copyists. It was a troublesome undertaking, yet he figured out how to finish pages of excellent lettering, each having two segments. The main issue was that solitary thirty-six lines would fit on a page, and Gutenberg needed to fit forty-two lines. Something else, the measure of pages to print the Bible would be a lot more prominent and all the more expensive. â€Å"If he had been just a common visionary about extraordinary inventions,† trusts DeVinne, â€Å"he would have deserted a venture so supported in with mechanical and budgetary difficulties† (416). It was around this time Gutenberg met John Fust, who offered to help money his undertaking on the off chance that they could frame an association. Gutenberg concurred as he was enormously needing a methods for paying for new hardware to make a forty-two-page press. DeVinne reports that these â€Å"small types were remarkable; they were rarely utilized, so far as we probably am aware for some other work† (406). This was no doubt Gutenberg's most noteworthy misstep, since when Fust didn't get a fast profit for his cash, he sued Gutenberg for practically the entirety of his gear, including the new print machine. This was a slowed down from which Gutenberg never recuperated, and however his development significantly profited many, he passed on a poor man. The print machine had an emotional effect on European culture from multiple points of view. One significant way that it influenced society was to realize a more elevated level of independence than had been before experienced. As Marshall McLuhan noted in his book The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographical Man, â€Å"the conveyability of the book, much like that of easel-painting, added a lot to the new religion of individualism† (206). Since there was not, at this point the should be a piece of a University or cloister so as to approach books and training, individuals started investing increasingly more energy in their own, showing themselves, and hence, turning out to be increasingly autonomous. The appropriation of an exceptionally expanded number of books because of the innovation of the press additionally encouraged individualistic thoughts by allowing more individuals the chance to peruse, driving them to decipher data themselves. In an oral culture, one is educated b

Business Operations Of Myer Holdings Limited

Business Operations Of Myer Holdings Limited Myer Holdings Limited has 66 stores over the Australia, being Australias biggest non-rebate retail chain. Myer gives clients a wide scope of item classes and a wide choice of local and worldwide brands at different value focuses. To keep up the strength in the market, Myer has consented to 14 rent arrangements for new stores, redeveloped Melbourne leader store to a worldwide class standard; grow MYER one dedication program, along with establishment of another purpose of - deal framework. On second November 2009, Myer was recorded on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) after a first sale of stock. Business Operation Nature of income assets Deals income grows up 0.7%â [1]â to $332.24 million in FY2010 [2] . As appeared in the Figure 1, 3.7 million MYER one individuals contribute 68% of deals. It is potential to develop top-line deals through existing and new individuals. Myer likewise creates more income dominatingly through intrigue charges and yearly expenses, as 35,600 new Myer Visa cards joined in FY2010. All out MYER one Gold card holders are currently more than 20,000, who spend more than $7,500 per annum. Basic income were bolstered by better edges from its developing line of select brands, presently representing 17 % of its businessâ [3]â . Concession administrator deals are $103,712,000 for FY2010, which is produced using giving store space to settled brands, involving installments for floor space or potentially a level of gross deals. Myers corporate and wedding administrations are another income streams. Myer Gifts and Myers online deals channel further help promoting income, being foreseen to have a bigger nearness in the following 5 years. Lead of Operations Myer is the biggest multi-class retail chain in Australia. So as to hang out in the serious business, Myer utilized a solid, clear development methodology which is based on four key columns: equivalent store deals, net edge improvement, new store opening and decreases in the expense. As per the monetary yearly reports, profit before intrigue and expense (EBIT) expanded fundamentally from $165 million to $236 million since 2007 and continue developing to between $265 million to $272 million out of 2010. Myers vision of being a worldwide class retail business has set up a notable and trustworthy brand, along with Myer Loyalty program to hold and extend client base so as to build deals. Myer has opened 65 stores in prime retail stores in Australia and Bernie Brookes, and 14 new stores are wanted to open throughout the following four years. Myer uses new store rollout to accomplish a bigger scope business. CEO calls attention to that the interest in the execution of CCTV is finished whic h is foreseen to decrease misfortunes from burglary. Myer additionally set up another POS framework to create profitability and client administrations enhancements. Improve markdown the executives which is relied upon to be finished by keen assignment of items and better sourcing is created so as to diminish the activity costs and accomplish a rising gross edge. Items administrations and markets Myer works a buyer steadfastness program and offers an enormous number of Australian family units in excess of 600,000 product offerings, involving 2,400 brands sourced from more than 800 worldwide providers. Myers item comprise of eleven center classes: womenswear, menswear, youth style, childrenswear, close clothing, excellence, scent and makeup, homewares, electrical products, toys, design extras, and general product. Items are sold over various markets characterized by their value focuses: Permanent Value, Attainable Fashion, Inspired Designs, Affordable Luxury and Premium Luxury, guaranteeing profundity of range and wide client bid. Myer has a set-up of administrations to help its business, joining forces with Visa and QBE to give acknowledge offices, for example, the Myer Visa card and exhaustive MYER Insurance inclusion for clients. There has additionally been center around the extension of Myers online store nearness, gift vouchers, corporate administrations and marriage and blessing libraries in 2009, Myer entered an organization with Red Balloon, Australias driving provider of experiential endowments to additionally build up its blessing library business. Industry Conditions: Market and Competition Myer is Australias biggest non-markdown retail chain in retail industry. Supplies are fundamental to retail establishments achievement, with retail chains clamoring to protect elite provider concurrences with well known brands. Notwithstanding expanding bartering intensity of providers and lower exchanging costs, expanding passage hindrances to this industry because of development of existing players, solid brand unwaveringness, high capital expenses and high securing costsâ [4]â have guaranteed the serious condition stays high, yet consistent. Regardless of the principle rival, David Jones, Myer additionally contends with claim to fame stores, particularly footwear and clothing, and markdown retail chains, for example, Target, Big W, and Kmart. Drug stores present huge rivalry in aromas and beautifiers. Administrative Environment The Board of Myer Holdings Limited receives corporate administration to improve execution of administrators and workers to be predictable with investors desires. The Myers code additionally gives lawful rules of behaviors and practices which must mindful and follow laws and guidelines applicable to Myers tasks, including word related wellbeing and security, reasonable exchanging and managing, protection and work rehearses. Considering of business leases is expected to open another mall, consenting to agreements and arrangements require compliances with retail occupancy enactment. Furthermore, Myer Holdings Limited needs to conform to the Corporations law which is built up to give rules and duties to partners. As Myer Holdings Limited is recorded on the ASX, it is likewise required persistent and straightforward revelation of its money related reports and any noteworthy occasions and exchanges. Additionally, Myer ought to follow the Trade Practices Act bolstered by the Australian Comp etition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) with point of securing client rights. Breaking this can be fined seriously by Federal Court. Irritation Analysis: Political When all is said in done Australia has a stable world of politics and generally low political hazard. The Government is executing financial changes to fortify and make sure about the economy. This will guarantee Australia is very much situated to completely profit by the open doors made by solid development in our locale, and guaranteeing that all Australians share in the advantages of a solid economyâ [5]â . The administration is accomplishing this by methods for closer associations with rising economies, for example, China, facilitated commerce concurrences with China, Japan and Korea are at present under exchange, and the Australian government has consented to unhindered commerce arrangements with New Zealand, Singapore and the United Statesâ [6]â as Myer offers its client both nearby and worldwide brands by bringing in from everywhere throughout the world. These unhindered commerce understandings help Myer to accomplish cost productivity in its flexibly chain, anyway the potential clash between Australian Standards and different nations measures for an equivalent item may exists and influence Myers gracefully of these items to its clients. From 1 July 2010, the low annual duty balance will increment from $1350 to $1500, the 30% limit will increment from $35000 to $37000 and the 38% peripheral expense rate will diminish to 37%â [7]â . Tax breaks will build family units extra cash which could rouse more use. Myer will conceivably profit by the expanding of family unit use. Monetary Because of the Global budgetary emergency, Australia monetary agreements in 2009, contrarily affecting the retail business and in this way created an ominous situation for Myer. Notwithstanding, the Australian economy had bounced back genuinely well. The joblessness rate diminished 0.2 rate focuses over August 2010. Also, the occasionally balanced GDP development rate change from Jun quarter 2009 to Jun quarter 2010 is +3.3%â [8]â . These will upgrade the buyer certainty and possibly increment the deals of Myer. Moreover, the buyer value file demonstrates that the degree of expansion has diminished consistently (Mar 09 is 3.9, Dec 09 is 3.1, and Jun 10 is 2.7). It might be gainful to Myer as rising buying intensity of purchasers can expand utilization on items offered by Myer. Moreover, the Australian dollar has acknowledged significantly during the year. Myer can exploit it since the imported items are less expensive than previously. Then again, as per the measurement from RBA, the reality RBA has expanded the money rate multiple times for each time being 0.25% since 7 October 2009. The expansion of the money rate prompts a lot of premium Myer needs to cover. Social Australia is a migration nation with a pluralistic culture. In the 2006 Australian statistics, the most ordinarily selected heritage was Australian (37.13%) trailed by English (31.65%), Irish (9.08%), Scottish (7.56%), Italian (4.29%), German (4.09%), Chinese (3.37%), and Greek (1.84%). [9] With the decent variety in culture and foundation, the entire society has an uplifting disposition of inviting outside items and administrations. This is great for Myer since Myer gives worldwide brand items to its clients. Australia has a populace of 22 million and concentrated around the coasts as appeared in Figure2. The geographic conveyance of the Myers store portfolio is in accordance with Australias geographic populace appropriation, with most of stores situated in the more thickly populated eastern seaboard statesâ [10]â . Figure 2: Population thickness, Australia-June 2009â [11]â à ¦Ã¥Ã¢ ªÃ£ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢ ½Ã£ ¥Ã¢ Ã¢ .jpg The Aus

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Stress Relief

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Stress Relief April 12, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living PeopleImages/iStock   We cant always change the circumstances that cause us stress, and sometimes we cant even influence them. For example, you cant always leave a difficult job or get a raise when finances are tight, and there will always be some difficult people you simply need to deal with. Some stress simply must be managed, and it can be life-changing when you find strategies that help you deal with stress in a way that minimizes its negative effects. One of these tools, which is becoming more popular, is acceptance and commitment therapy (ATC). This is a form of counseling that is similar to cognitive-behavior therapy, which has been shown by many studies to be effective with stress management. ACT combines the use of acceptance of stressors in ones life and mindfulness strategies mixed in different ways with commitment and behavior-change strategies that can increase psychological and emotional flexibility. History of ATC This approach was originally named comprehensive distancing and was founded in 1982 by psychologist Steven C. Hayes. It has since been fleshed out and worked into a more robust approach to change. Now there are several different protocols for ACT that change depending on the situation and type of stress faced, as well as the setting. For example, there is a brief version of ACT called focused acceptance and commitment therapy, also known as FACT. The goal of ACT  (and FACT) is not to eliminate difficult feelings, but to be present with them and accept them, which can create greater comfort with them so that people are able to move beyond the barriers that these feelings create. Acceptance and commitment therapy invites people to open up to unpleasant feelings and learn not to overreact to them or avoid situations where they are invoked. Its therapeutic effect is a positive upward spiral of emotion where feeling better leads to a better understanding of the truth. Principles ACT commonly employs six core principles to help clients develop psychological flexibility. Cognitive defusion: Learning methods to reduce the tendency to  reify  thoughts, images, emotions, and memories.Acceptance: Allowing thoughts to come and go without struggling with them.Contact with the present moment: Awareness of the here and now, experienced with openness, interest, and receptiveness.The observing self: Accessing a transcendent sense of self, a continuity of consciousness which is unchanging.Values: Discovering what is most important to oneself.Committed action: Setting goals according to values and carrying them out responsibly. Correlational evidence has found that absence of psychological flexibility predicts many forms of psychopathology. A 2005  meta-analysis  showed that the six ACT principles, on average, account for 16 to 29 percent of the variance in psychopathology (general mental health, depression, anxiety) at baseline, depending on the measure, using correlational methods. ACT-Based Strategies Mindfulness and Meditation Because the main goal of ACT is  to accept ones present circumstances, become more comfortable with them, and then be empowered to move beyond them with minimal stress, meditation is an extremely helpful tool for this kind of stress. The practice of mindfulness and meditation can allow you to practice being aware of stressors and then letting go of the need to react. This can minimize the stress you feel as well as the tendency many of us have to overreact to stress we experience when we feel trapped. This can come in the form of rumination, catastrophizing, and other stress-exacerbating habits that many of us engage in whether were aware of it or not. The following are some meditation techniques that can be used for stress relief. Reappraisal We cant always change what we experience, but we can change how we think about these experiences. This is a core belief of ACT. Changing your thoughts about the stress you experience can come in the form of cognitive restructuring or cognitive reappraisals, where you actively work to choose new ways of viewing the same situation. These views may not be the first thoughts you had on the topic, but they can be just as aligned with the realities of the situation. For example, when facing a challenge that feels beyond your capabilities (a commonly stressful situation), I am failing at this, can be changed to, I am having a difficult time with this. Its all part of the process, though, and Ill get it eventually. Similarly, This should not be happening to me, can be changed to, We all face challenges, and heres one of mine. Ill get through this. Deliberate Acceptance Sometimes stress can be greatly minimized when we give up the fight and trust the process. When we feel we need to struggle against something that may not necessarily be changeable, we can feel overwhelmed with a virtually impossible task. When we accept a situation and let go of our own need to control it (which often is impossible, anyway), this can feel like lifting a weight off our shoulders and can greatly relieve the stress of whatever situation we face. Making friends with the situations we had been fighting can be a liberating process and, interestingly, can help us to move on from feeling stuck and trapped into a place of recognizing what is and what can be done about it. Choosing Purposeful Action A primary goal with ACT is to choose an action that can be taken and to move forward in a positive, productive direction. One strategy that can help with this is to increase the positive experiences you have so that you can create an upward spiral of positivity. Another is to simply look at the situation you are in (and accept this situation) and then look for options you can choose within this reality rather than trying to change the reality itself by fighting your overall circumstances. This can be achieved with the help of a therapist, a journaling practice,  or talks with a good friend who understands. A Word From Verywell Ultimately, ACT-based strategies can be liberating and empowering. Accepting the challenges of life and moving forward can build confidence and inner strength and can help you to move past significant amounts of stress. Practice with this modality can make perfect.

The Training Experience Through The Canadian Labor Market...

Introduction This paper describes the main activities, duties, role and experiences learned during my internship subject. The purpose of the internship is the student acquires work experience in the Canadian labor market applying the knowledge learned during the lectures in the Master program. Furthermore, the student will develop four basic competencies: leadership, critical-thinking, technical skills according to their specialization and communication. I consider this subject should be promoted more between the graduate and undergraduate students, not only because they grant work experience, but it also allow them to build rapport inside diverse companies. Insight of Internship This internship blossom my critical-thinking, problem solving and communications skills; even though, I had previous experience working with multi-cultural teams; this experience was complete different and exceed my expectations. During my internship I applied my lectures from the first semester to the end, all the lessons learned since 2014 until 2015. Being surrounding with colleagues from cultural backgrounds different from mine, such India, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vancouver, Toronto, Algeria or Egypt; it give me the opportunity to understand diverse leaderships, teams, behaviors, expectations and learn more about others cultures. I learned how to increase my networking with my peers, transform a group to team and handle change resistance, the latter was really tough, due to I did not haveShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagestracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplusRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesEducation Company iii iv Table of Contents SECTION ONE ................................................................. 1 An Investment Perspective and Human Resources .... 2 HUMAN RESOURCE INVESTMENT CONSIDERATIONS ...6 INVESTMENTS IN TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ..... 14 INVESTMENT PRACTICES FOR IMPROVED RETENTION ............................................................ 32 INVESTMENTS IN JOB-SECURE WORKFORCES .......... 42 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES ................Read MoreDissertation Proposal on Managing Diversity of Workforce18916 Words   |  76 Pagescomparison of work values for gaining of knowledge for management of the multi-generation workforce. 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How the Characters in Much Ado About Nothing Learn to...

How the Characters in Much Ado About Nothing Learn to Love The title of Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing has sparked scholarly debates about its meaning for centuries. Some say it is a play on the term â€Å"noting†, revolving around the theme of all sorts of deceptions by all sorts of appearances (Rossiter 163). Others claim it has more to do with everyone making a fuss about things that turn out to be false, therefore, nothing (Vaughn 102). Regardless of these speculations, there is something rather profound going on in the play that is worth making a big deal about: four characters in the play learn about love, and eventually, how to love. The four characters that learn the art of love are Beatrice,†¦show more content†¦Claudio also does not seem to know much about Hero, thus explaining why he is asking Benedick about her. He not only wants to know that his budding feelings are justified, but he wants to make sure that his choice of lady is indeed worthy of his honor. Even if Hero is fair, if she will not compliment Claudio’s social status, he will not marry her (Ranald 74). The notion of honor will come back to the forefront of this play later on. During this first scene, it quickly becomes clear that he knows he feels something for Hero, but he is unsure of exactly what his feelings mean. While talking to both Benedick and Don Pedro, Claudio describes his feelings as passion first (I.i.219-220), and then he says, â€Å"That I love her, I feel† (I.i.228). Claudio’s lame profession of love for Hero mirrors the shallowness of his previous comments. Claudio is not trying to be small-minded though. Because Claudio is a soldier above all else, it seems reasonable that he might not know if he’s in love or not. Claudio, Ranald says, â€Å"is less the romantic young man in love than the ambitious young soldier primarily concerned with his own advancement†¦He must learn that marriage is more than a business arrangement (74).† With Claudio in this business-like frame of mind, the lack of romance in his speech during the previously mentioned lines makes sense. What does this really say about Claudio? At thisShow MoreRelatedThe Reflection of Emotions964 Words   |  4 PagesCharacters within Shakespeare’s, Much Ado About Nothing display love in a complementary manner to the love written in Sonnet 116. Although arduous situations occur, these individuals are loyal to their love interests. They consistently illustrate their feelings and this factor allows the characters to flourish. This especially true of Benedick, Hero and Don Pedro in Much Ado About Nothing. As they are victimized by Don John throughout the play, their relationships are strained. 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When attempting to deceive another person, the characters must be able to understand the consequences one may face when manipulating another through deceit. Two plays that strongly sho wcase Shakespeare’s lies and manipulation are Much Ado About Nothing and HamletRead MoreEssay about Much Ado About Nothing: A Comedy with Deep Meaning1270 Words   |  6 PagesMuch Ado About Nothing:   A Comedy with Deep Meaning  Ã‚  Ã‚      Much Ado About Nothing--the title sounds, to a modern ear, offhand and self-effacing; we might expect the play that follows such a beginning to be a marvelous piece of fluff and not much more. However, the play and the title itself are weightier than they initially seem. 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Love can come in many different forms, love for parents, love for money, love for country, to name of few. Love is something that our race has been focused on since the beginning. Civilizations have written about love throughout the ages and it has been a cornerstone of literature. Love has started wars, ended nations, createdRead MoreA Comparison Between the Plots of King Lear and Much Ado about Nothing910 Words   |  4 PagesBut how can one man churn out all these plays he’s written, and still have new content in each one? Aren’t they all the same story to some extent? As Lindsay Smith writes, â€Å"Many Shakespeare plays, like most typical Renaissance plays, are divide d into scenes and acts. There are five acts and anywhere from three to five scenes per act.† So his plays can’t be all that different, right? This statement will be examined after taking a closer look at the plots of King Lear and Much Ado about Nothing. There

Prometheus Unbound Free Essays

In examining Asia’s speech, appearing in Act 2 of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s ‘Prometheus Unbound,’ it is evident that Shelley utilised a vast range of themes to create such a unique piece. Overall, the play draws chiefly from areas such as Philosophy, Romanticism, Mythology, Music and Religion (Rossetti). However, the play itself could not have been created without Shelley’s reading of Aeschylus’s play, â€Å"Prometheus Bound† (McDonald). We will write a custom essay sample on Prometheus Unbound or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this sense, the play is very much an appropriation of and sequel to the original. With the above matters combined, Shelley created a work that is conceptually complex, providing the foundations for a challenging yet dramatic play that â€Å"paradoxically performs itself inside the mind of the reader† (Quillin). Asia’s speech in Act 2 reveals Prometheus as fundamentally, the first humanitarian. As such, Prometheus is known as the liberator of humanity and referred to as the â€Å"culture bringer† (Greenblatt 821). Symbolically, Rossetti affirms, â€Å"The unbinding of Prometheus is the unbinding of the human mind† (28). In addition, Rossetti suggests the cave that retains Prometheus â€Å"†¦is the cavern of the human mind- the recesses of creative and contemplative thought, vocal with human sympathy, fertile of human enlightenment and elevation† (31). Therefore, Shelley’s ideas signify Romanticism, as his writing insinuates when individuals attain freedom, the power of their imagination is unlocked (Quillin). This can be seen in the â€Å"Prometheus saw, and waked the legioned hopes Which sleep within folded Elysian flowers, Nepenthe, Moly, Amaranth, fadeless blooms; That they might hide with thin and rainbow wings The shape of death; and Love he sent to bind The disunited tendrils of that vine† â€Å"Prometheus saw, and waked the legioned hopes Which sleep within folded Elysian flowers, Nepenthe, Moly, Amaranth, fadeless blooms; That they might hide with thin and rainbow wings The shape of death; and Love he sent to bind The disunited tendrils of that vine† subsequent fragments of Asia’s speech. First and foremost, Asia’s speech is one of unrhymed rhythm and abundant of religious connotations depicting parallels between Greek mythology and Christianity (Quillin). The word ‘Elysian’ refers to Greek mythology and the paradise to which heroes on whom the gods deliberated immortality were sent (Encyclop? ia Britannica). The word ‘hope’ is personified as it is ‘woken’. The awakening of ‘legioned hopes’ may also signify the mass of humanity, in the sense they have been transitorily paralysed by Jupiter’s wrath. It also provides parallels to purgatory, as the forced temporary suffering upon human kind occurs for an unspecified period of time (Padgett). The heavenly flowers act as strength to Prometheus. With Prometheus’ epiphany that love is the answer, the ‘binding’ of the ‘disunited tendrils’ symbolises Prometheus’ realisation that he can be reunited with his wife. The ‘vine’ may also symbolise the chains that bound Prometheus to the cliff. In addition, metaphorically, the vine could represent the almighty strength of a vine in comparison to Prometheus and Asia’s undying love. Rossetti expands this notion, by stating Prometheus and Asia may be regarded as the â€Å"union of the mind and body, or mind and â€Å"Which bears the wine of life, the human heart; And he tamed fire which, like some beast of prey, Most terrible, but lovely, played beneath The frown of man, and tortured to his will Iron and gold, the slaves and signs of power, And gems and poisons, and all subtlest forms, Hidden beneath the mountains and the waves. † â€Å"Which bears the wine of life, the human heart; And he tamed fire which, like some beast of prey, Most terrible, but lovely, played beneath The frown of man, and tortured to his will Iron and gold, the slaves and signs of power, And gems and poisons, and all subtlest forms, Hidden beneath the mountains and the waves. † beauty, or intellectual and emotional/loving elements in the human soul† (32). The first line alludes to the greatest gift in life and predominant theme in Prometheus Unbound; love. Love aids the strength and power in Prometheus’ defeat of Jupiter. Evidently, ‘The frown of man’ refers to Jupiter, the chief of Gods who initiated the binding of Prometheus (Magill). After the annulment of Jupiter’s curse upon Prometheus, the play suggests if human kind decides to embrace love, freedom and reject all evil, then the reforming of humanity should occur (Padgett). Thus, the poem is contradictory to Shelley’s statement in the preface stating that â€Å"Didactic poetry is my abhorrence† (Greenblatt 797) as it essentially teaches morality. Once more, the play provides a parallel to Christianity, in the sense that the characters ‘Prometheus’ can be compared to Christ and ‘Jupiter’ to Satan (Padgett). As pointed out, Shelley’s philosophical roots are strongly embedded throughout the play. With this is mind, it is clear that Shelley utilised Aristotle’s theory of the four basic constituents of matter; earth, water, air and fire as a thematic element within the play (Fowler). Thus, words such as ‘fire’ and ‘forms’, refer to Shelley’s cosmic approach to symbols represented throughout the play (Padgett). This distinctive style of imagery enabled Shelley to thoroughly capture the readers’ imagination, as his writing suggests imagery â€Å"He gave man speech, and speech created thought, Which is the measure of the Universe; And Science struck the thrones of Earth and Heaven Which shook, but fell not; and the harmonious mind Poured itself forth in all-prophetic song, And music lifted up the listening spirit Until it walked, exempt from mortal care, Godlike, o’er the clear billows of sweet sound; And human hands first mimicked and then mocked With moulded limbs more lovely than its own The human form, till marble grew divine, And mothers, gazing, drank the love men see Reflected in their race, behold, and perish. † â€Å"He gave man speech, and speech created thought, Which is the measure of the Universe; And Science struck the thrones of Earth and Heaven Which shook, but fell not; and the harmonious mind Poured itself forth in all-prophetic song, And music lifted up the listening spirit Until it walked, exempt from mortal care, Godlike, o’er the clear billows of sweet sound; And human hands first mimicked and then mocked With moulded limbs more lovely than its own The human form, till marble grew divine, And mothers, gazing, drank the love men see Reflected in their race, behold, and perish. † that can be conceived various ways simultaneously (Padgett). The final section of Asia’s speech further glorifies Prometheus and the birth of liberation for human kind. It also typifies the premise of the entire drama; Prometheus is acknowledged as â€Å"the culture bringer† (Greenblatt 821). Meaning, he has given human kind the power of intellectual ability, made up of the creative arts and sciences, thus, liberating human kind. This is evident as â€Å"He gave man speech, and speech created thought, which is the measure of the universe†. This line highlights what Prometheus has achieved for the human race. Proving his suffering was not in vain, Rossetti states it has provided intellectual freedom for the rest of society (31). Furthermore, the line; â€Å"music lifted up the listening spirit† reiterates Prometheus’ liberation of human kind. From this, it is clear that Shelley adopts musical themes in his poetry when language no longer proves to be an effective mode of aestheticism (Quillin). Overall, Shelley produces a dramatic piece addressing his revolutionary ideals by combining music and dialogue, which ironically performs itself in the mind of the reader (Quillin). In Conclusion, Percy Bysshe Shelley’s ‘Prometheus Unbound’ was conceptually inspired by a plethora of key factors. Throughout ‘Prometheus Unbound’, it is evident that Shelley’s approach to imagery stems profoundly from his interest in Philosophy, Romanticism, Mythology, Music, Religion and most importantly, the appropriation of and sequel to Aeschylus’s play, â€Å"Prometheus Bound† (McDonald). These key elements have enabled a multifaceted approach to Shelley’s’ writing, formulating the dramatic shape of the play as a whole. Works Cited â€Å"Elysium†. Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2013. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. britannica. om/EBchecked/topic/185418/Elysium; Fowler, Micahel. â€Å"Aristotle. †Ã‚  Beginnings of Science and Philosophy in Athens. N. p. , 9  Feb. 2008. Web. 11  Mar. 2013. ;http://galileoandeinstein. physics. virginia. edu/lectures/aristot2. html;. Greenblatt, Stephen, Ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 9th  Ed. New York, United States: W. W Norton ; Company, Inc. ,  2012. Print. Magill, Frank. â€Å"Prometheus Unbound. † Magill Book Reviews,  2011. Web. 10  Mar. 2013. ;http://www. enotes. com/prometheus-unbound-salem/prometheus-unbound-0089900364;. McDonald, Marianne. â€Å"Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound.   Osher Lifelong Learning Institute – UC San Diego Extension. N. p. ,  2008. Web. 10  Mar. 2013. http://olli. ucsd. edu/documents/aeschylus. pdf. Padgett, John B. â€Å"The Imaginary Ideal: Prometheus Unbound. †Ã‚  Shelley, Dante, and Romantic Irony. N. p. ,  1995. Web. 11  Mar. 2013. http://www. mcsr. olemiss. edu/~egjbp/thesis/chapter2. html. Quillin, Jessica K. â€Å"An assiduous frequenter of the Italian opera: Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound and the opera buffa. †Ã‚  Romantic Circles. University of Maryland, 15  Mar. 2005. Web. 10  Mar. 2013. http://www. rc. umd. edu/praxis/opera/quillin/quillin. html. How to cite Prometheus Unbound, Papers

The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines free essay sample

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES PREAMBLE We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. ARTICLE I NATIONAL TERRITORY The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. ARTICLE II DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES PRINCIPLES Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations. Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory. Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service. Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy. Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. STATE POLICIES Section 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states, the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination. Section 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory. Section 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all. Section 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development. Section 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights. Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government. Section 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs. Section 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men. Section 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them. Section 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Section 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development. Section 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare. Section 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos. Section 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments. Section 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform. Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development. Section 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation. Section 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building. Section 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments. Section 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. Section 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption. Section 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest. ARTICLE III BILL OF RIGHTS Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Section 3. 1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law. (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law. Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. 2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. (3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. (4) The law shall provide for penal and c ivil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families. Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required. Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. 2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused: Provided, that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable. Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it. Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies. Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. (2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua. (2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law. Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act. Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. ARTICLE IV CITIZENSHIP Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines: [1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; [2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; 3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and [4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens. Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law. Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it. Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law. ARTICLE V SUFFRAGE Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one year, and in the place wherein they propose to vote, for at least six months immediately preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage. Section 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad. The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot.